Transcript
!!" #$ %& '$($)*+, -$ ./ 01 2343562 01 .778
9 :;<= =>=?@=AB=CD
LD; E =ODI<=FEI= KE SDLF= ?EQTN>E?M 9 :N OLD@P@KD D J;D KE B=?BJ?=KDL=;M 9 UE;D?>= B=K= VJE;<=CD I= SD?W= =OLDOL@=K=M 9 X=CD ;ELC=D =BE@<=; LE;OD;<=; ;EF Y J;<@ZB=<@>=; [31\4]^2 / _F= LEKE KE K@SL=AB=CD VJE ELKER =O=LEBE ID E;OEB@;NT>E? ;E E;@;NT>E? KD E;OEBEL d e b hg i e } GHf H f e } GH h e }HH gh {;;@FR = ?Jc >@D?E<= KD E;OEBEY= ZQJL= =P=@xDvM &'& &'&
λ0
(Eo , Po )
(m0 c 2, 0) $$ $%$
(E , P)
φ θ λ´
(E´, P´)
lznm pqrsqt u=v :;BLE>= =; EVJ=ABDCE; KE BDI;EL>=AB=CD KE EIELQ@= E KE FDFEI=L@=AB=CD KD BDFOL@FEI@KD =D E;O=?W=FEID ;DP JF =aIQJ?D KE i e }f EF LE?=AB=CD =D SE@xE @IB@KEI=AB=CD KE EIELQ@=
DI;EL>=AB=CD KE FDFEI=@KLD E @?JF@I=K= ODL ?Jc VJE ;E OLDO=Q= ID =L BDF BDFOL@FEI=?DLE; KE E ;E KE>EF = E;OE;;JL= >=L@=N>E?R bR K= B=F=K= KE =L EI@KLD E = ?EI=IDBEa BDIB?J@J ODL E;<= BDIK@BA=CDM
lznm pqrsqt uPv { O=L<@L K= QEDFEEa|;E VJE e " u bv M { O=L<@L KE;;= ExOLE;;C=D E KD LE;J?<=KD KD @@;<=; GG SL=IY=; PL@?W=I==IKD EF BDI<= = FJK=IBA= KE S=;E KE I= LEExC=D KD L=@D GR = @I=@ ;EL BDI;= VJ=IKD = K@SELEIBA= KE OELBJL;D; DNO<@BD;R EF JI@K=KE; KE BDFOL@FEIEIKD O=L= E ;JP;<@=?D KE SLEVJEaIB@= " b EN K=K= OE?= SDNLFJ?= KE ?=IB R G b u vb e E G
lmno pqrsqt u=v D;=?DL KE;<= BDI;<=I=?DL KE VJE ;=<@;S=c uGv EN D F=Nx@FD K= K@;
