Transcript
Unidade III
LÍNGUA INGLESA: GRAMÁTICA E APLICAÇÃO Ç
Profa. Palma Rigolon
Língua Inglesa: Gramática e Aplicação To Be (simple past and past continuous). Articles and Nouns. Count and Non count nouns. How many; how much; some; any; a few; a little; a lot of; lots of. of
To Be Past Simple Usage Use the past simple to talk about activities or routines which take place at a specified time in the past. Time expressions last ago in ... (plus a year or month) yesterday y y when ... (plus a phrase) this morning
Past Simple: to be Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I was
I was not (wasn’t)
Was I?
You were
You were not (weren’t)
Were you?
He, she, it was
He, she it was not (wasn’t)
Was he/she/it...?
You were
You were not (weren’t)
Were you?
We were
We were not (weren’t)
Were we?
They were
They were not (weren’t)
Were they?
Past Simple: examples Where was Jack yesterday? Where were you last week? We weren’t at school yesterday. He wasn’t a teacher. She wasn’t at home when I called last night. I was pretty sad when he told me what happened. That movie was really yg great!
Past Simple: text Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts, a descendant of a long line of Puritan ancestors including John Hathorne, a presiding magistrate in the Salem witch trials In order to distance himself from trials. his family’s shameful involvement in the witch trials, Hawthorne added the “w” to his last name during his early 20s. Also among his ancestors was William Hawthorne, one of the first Puritan settlers who arrived in New England in 1630.
Past Simple: text After his father, a ship captain, died of yellow fever at sea when Nathaniel was only four, his mother became overly protective and pushed him toward relatively isolated pursuits. Hawthorne’s childhood left him overly shy and bookish, which molded his life as a writer.
Past Simple: text Hawthorne turned to writing after his graduation from Bowdoin College. His first novel, “Fanshawe”, was unsuccessful and Hawthorne himself disavowed it as amateurish. He wrote several successful short stories, stories however however, including “My Kinsman, Major Molineux”, “Roger Malvin’s Burial”, and “Young Goodman Brown”, arguably Hawthorne’s most famous short story. Despite the critical acclaim it has received since, Hawthorne twice rejected this work when asked to select a compilation of short stories for publication. (…)
Past Progressive / Past Continuous “The progressive aspect refers to activity in progress, and therefore suggests not only that the activity is temporary (i.e. of limited duration), but that it need not be complete. This element of meaning is most evident in the past tense or in the present perfect.” (Leech & Startvik, 2003)
Structure: to be in the p past (was/were) ( )+ verbo principal + ing Let’s see how it is used:
Past Progressive / Past Continuous Gives emphasis on the course of an action in the past. e.g.: He was playing football. Two actions happening at the same time (in the past). e.g.: While she was preparing dinner, he was washing the dishes. Action going on at a certain time in the past. e.g.: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.
Past Progressive / Past Continuous Positive
Negative
Question
I, he, she, it
He was He was not speaking. speaking.
Was he speaking?
You, we, they
You were You were speaking. not speaking.
Were you speaking?
Interatividade Choose the correct alternative: a) Is Mary at home yesterday? b) Susan was eat lunch when he arrived. c) Paul and John was playing golf yesterday at 5 p p.m. m d) Peter and Paul were having dinner when Mary called. e) Was the children at home, when you arrived?
Past Progressive / Past Continuous: text Read this personal journal entry: What happened to me this morning was so unbelievable! I was walking down the street while a woman stopped in front of me and asked me for directions to the nearest bank. At that moment, I saw my friend Bill across the street. I called out to him and asked him to wait for me. Luckly for me, he did, Bill saw everything: while I was talking to the woman woman, a pickpocket put his hand into my backpack. Bill started to walk away. (cont.)
Past Progressive / Past Continuous: text I thought he didn’t want to wait for me, but I was wrong. When Bill saw the pickpocket he went to call the police. They arrived immediately. The police arrested the woman and the pickpocket. What an experience!
Countable Nouns “Countable nouns are the names of separate objects, people, ideas, etc. which can be counted. We can use numbers and the article a/an with countable nous; they have plurals.” (Swan, 2005)
Examples: There is a beautiful beach near here. I want a banana. Mary was singing a song. There are no batteries in the radio.
Uncountable Nouns “Uncountable (or “mass”) nouns are the names of materials, liquids, abstract qualities, collections and other things which we can see as masses without clear boundaries, and not as separate objects. We cannot use numbers with uncountable nouns, and most are singular with no plurals. We do not normally use a/an with uncountable nouns.” (Swan, 2005)
Uncountable Nouns Examples: Mary was listening to music. Have you got any money? It wasn’t your fault. It was bad luck. There is no electricity in the house. We haven’t got enough water. There is no sugar in my coffee. I have to buy some rice/beans. I eatt rice i and d beans b everyday. d
Uncountable Nouns In order to specify quantity we can use some expressions that indicate amount or quantity: A glass: of water, of juice, of coke, of soda. A cup: of coffee, of tea, of soft drink. A spoon: of rice, of beans. A loaf: of bread, of cake. A piece: of cake, of furniture, of news.
Interatividade Choose the alternative that only presents correct statements: a) She ate a rice and beans. b) Mary loves rice. She ate a bowl of it. c) Ann was listening to a music music. d) It wasn’t your fault. It was a bad luck. e) There are a lot of sand in my shoes.
How Many We use how many with countable plural nouns. Many is much common in negatives and questions, and after so, as, too and very. Examples: How many tickets do we need? Are there many opera houses in London? How many people were there at the party? There are too many people here.
How Much How much is used with uncountable nouns. Much is also common in negatives and questions. And after so, as, too and very. Examples: How much time have we got? I love you so much! Take as much as you like. I don’t have much time. I haven’t got much to do.
How Much / How Many We normally use much / many only in questions and negative clauses. Example: How much money have you got? Carla does not have many friends. In positive clauses with so, as or too, we also use much / many. Example: Carla has so many friends! She has as many friends as Sue. Kevin has too much money.
How Much / How Many In all other positive clauses, however, we prefer expressions like a lot of / lots of. Example: Carla has a lot of / lots of friends. Kevin has a lot of / lots of money. In formal texts, however, much / many are also common in positive clauses. This you will notice for example when you read English news.
A Lot / Lots Of We use a lot and / or lots of for informal affirmative sentences. We can use them with countable and uncountable nouns. Examples: I have lots of difficulty in writing. There are a lot of theaters in São Paulo. Jim always puts a lot of salt on his food. A lot of people drive too fast. Lots of p people p drive too fast. We spent a lot of money. She goes out a lot.
A Little / Little A little is used with singular, uncountable nouns. It generally gives us a negative idea. Little has a more positive idea, it’s like some. Examples: Cactus need little water. Give the rose a little water everyday. We’ve got a little time before the train leaves. I’m going to give you a little advice. She’s got little patience. There’s little to do.
A Few / Few A few is used with plural, countable nouns, and it usually has a negative idea. Few has a more positive idea. Examples: His ideas are very difficult difficult, but a few people understand them. Can you lend me a few dollars. This town is not a very interesting place, so few tourists come here. I’ve been there a few times.
A Little / A few The expressions a little and a few mean some. If a noun is in singular, we use a little: a little money If a noun is in plural, we use a few: a few friends
Some We use some (also: somebody, someone, something) in positive sentences. Examples: We bought some flowers. I’ve got some work to do. I’m hungry. I want something to eat. We have to talk to some students. Note: we jjust use some (something) ( g) in questions when we offer something: Would you like something to eat?
Somebody / Someone Somebody / someone are used for indefinite quantity in affirmative sentences. Example: There is somebody / someone in the garden. Somewhere, anywhere, nowhere are used for places: They live somewhere in the north of Ireland Ireland. I don't like this town. There is nowhere to go.
Any We use any (anybody) for negatives and questions. Examples: We went out without any money. We didn’t buy any flowers. flowers He never does his homework. Have you got any luggage? Has anybody seen my bag? Is there any water in the fridge?
Nobody / Anyone Not + anybody / anyone, nobody / no one are used for people in negative and interrogative sentences. Examples: There isn’t anybody / anyone in the room. There is nobody / no one in the room. Not + anything / nothing are used for things: There isn't isn t anything in the bag. bag There is nothing in the bag.
Interatividade Complete the sentence by Francis Bacon with the correct quantifier. There is ___________ friendship in the world, and least of all between equals. a) Many b) A few c) Little d) Any e)) None of the above are correct
Some and Any: review Both some and any can be used with countable nouns (e.g. “book”) and non countable nouns (e.g. “water”).
some
positive iti statements
John J h gave me some money. We bought some candies.
any
negative statements
She didn’t have any money. I couldn’t find any books.
Quantifiers: text Restaurant Review “Vegetables from nearby farms are the draw at Green Grill. Try the squash and goat cheese dumplings or the zucchini cakes with potatoes and onions. Both were delicious. We had the soup of the day day, a vegetable soup. soup It was outstanding. There isn’t much meat or fish on the menu. The grilled chicken was OK, but it needed a little salt. Some desserts were unexciting, but the apple pie was excellent. There aren’t aren t many tables, so be sure to make a reservation well in advance.” (Schoenberg, 2006)
Indefinite Articles: a, an “We can use a/an to talk about one particular person or thing, when the listener/reader does not know which one is meant, or when it does not matter which one.” (Swan, 2005).
We use a before a consonant sound and an before a vowel sound. Let’s see some examples: A dog; a hat; a hotel. An hour hour. An orange; an apple; an MP. A union; a uniform; a university.
Indefinite Articles: a, an
Indefinite Articles: usage Before the following nouns: professions, religion and nationality. Ex.: I am a teacher. It was an American who won the game. After the prepositions: with / without followed by a concrete noun. Ex.: Little kids prefer to draw with a pencil. My brother usually goes out in the cold without a coat.
Indefinite Articles: usage After the following expressions: Once upon a time (era uma vez). As a matter of fact (de fato). One at a time (um de cada vez). All of a sudden (de repente). In a hurry (com pressa). As a rule (normalmente).
Indefinite Articles: usage After the words: what, such (tal, tais) e half (meia, meio) Examples: What a beautiful day! I have never seen such a difficult test! In descriptions: Examples: He’s got a long nose. She’s got an interesting face.
Definite Articles: usage Definite Article (THE): a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know. Examples: The car over there is fast. The teacher is very good, isn’t he? The dinner at my friend’s house was delicious. Did you go to the party yesterday? The women overthere work with my sister.
Definite Articles: usage With countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains except when the country is a collection of states such as: The United States; The Netherlands; The United Kingdom. Examples: The USA is a rich country. The earth goes round the sun, and the sun goes round the earth. When you are speaking about things in general. Example: I like Russian tea.
Definite Articles: usage We often use the article before musical instruments. Examples: He is learning how to play the guitar. She plays the piano beautifully. With superlatives. Examples: It’s the best restaurant in town. He is the most intelligent student in class.
Definite Article: when not to use it Before proper names: Example: John is a nice student. When speaking about meals, places, transport, sports, seasons of the year, abstract concepts. Examples: He has breakfast at home. I go to university. He comes to work by taxi. What did you have for breakfast? What time is dinner?
Definite Article: when not to use it. Before the following words: church (igreja); school (escola); bed (cama); prison (prisão); heaven (paraíso, céu); hell (inferno); work (local de trabalho). Examples: Mary goes to church every Sunday. We all go to heaven!
Articles: news Meteor hits Russia Eyewitnesses describe seeing a fireball curving through the clear sky, and an extremely intense light as it passed overhead. It seems to have been a meteor, and left a white condensation trail behind it. A couple of minutes later there was a loud bang. The shock wave from the blast blew out windows across the region round Chelyabinsk in the Ural mountains.
Articles: news People who’d rushed to look out and see what was happening were injured by flying glass. Everyone went outside to check if their neighbors were OK, and the mobile phone network collapsed, briefly overwhelmed by the volume of calls.
News Internet privacy / Summary / 27 January 2012 For the first time people living within the European Union will have what’s being called “the the right to be forgotten forgotten”.. Under changes announced by the European Commission, people will be able to tell a company to remove all the online data they have about them. Reporter: Zoe Conway
Interatividade Choose the correct answer: a) The indefinite article is used with a specific object. b) We use the definite article with countries, states, counties or provinces. c) We use the definite article with proper names. d) The indefinite article is used with musical instruments. e) We use the indefinite article before professions.
ATÉ A PRÓXIMA!
