Como Estudar Estatística

Transcript

Como Estudar Estatística? http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~ccutchin/study.htm Neste site, de Constance Cutchins, são apresentadas nove sugestões de hábitos de estudo necessárias para o estudante ter sucesso no estudo da estatística. Muitos alunos têm dificuldade para aprender estatística porque eles nunca desenvolveram hábitos específicos de estudo que são favoráveis a obter sucesso na estatística. Se você levar à prática essas sugestões verá que são valiosas. 1) LEIA ATENTA e CUIDADOSAMENTE. A forma de serem lidos os textos de estatística é bem diferente da forma como se lê um livro de história, jornal, ou um romance. Na estatística é preciso ler devagar, absorvendo cada palavra. Às vezes, é necessário ler a discussão do livro texto ou problema muitas vezes antes que ele comece a "fazer sentido". Em alguns tipos de leitura, tal como um romance, é desejável a folhear e ler rapidamente, porque há geralmente um número reduzido de pensamentos "espalhados" entre muitas palavras. No entanto, na leitura estatística cada palavra ou símbolo é importante porque existem muitos pensamentos condensados em alguns parágrafos ou frases. Tenha em mente que poucas palavras significam muito na estatística. 2) PENSAR COM LÁPIS E PAPEL DE RASCUNHO. Sempre ter em mãos o lápis e papel de rascunho e usá-los quando está lendo e estudando estatística. Teste sobre o papel as idéias que os autores estão discutindo. Quando eles propõem uma questão, tente responder antes de ver a resposta. Mesmo que um exemplo apresente a resolução, tente você mesmo resolver num papel de rascunho. Isso ajudará a fixar as idéias e os procedimentos em sua mente, antes de iniciar os exercícios. Após ter lido e relido atentamente um problema, se ainda não vê o que fazer, não fique sentado e olhando para o problema. Vá buscar o seu lápis e o papel de rascunho e tente “escavar uma solução”. Se, na tentativa de solucionar o problema, não conseguiu fazer rascunho algum, então, ainda, não demonstrou o esforço suficiente como justificativa para procurar ajuda do professor. 3) SEJA INDEPENDENTE. Tente fazer cada lição, sem assistência de qualquer pessoa. Se procurar ajuda desnecessariamente, seja da parte do seu professor, ou de um colega de escola, ou das resoluções do livro, você não ganhará o máximo proveito de seu trabalho. Fazer exercício, você bem o sabe, o tornará forte. Nunca aprenderá estatística de outra forma senão através dos exercícios. No entanto, tem de fazer perguntas quando necessário. Às vezes, coisas pequenas causam grande confusão. Não tenha receio de que a sua pergunta possa parecer "boba". A única ação “tola” é deixar de perguntar sobre um tópico que você tem realmente tentado entender e ainda não conseguiu. Algumas pessoas procuram ajuda muito cedo e algumas esperam muito tempo. Você terá de usar o bom senso comum nesta matéria. 4) PRESTAR ATENÇÃO NA AULA. Muitos conceitos essenciais, princípios fundamentais e modos de raciocinar serão desenvolvidas em sala de aula. Deve dedicar uma atenção enorme a essas atividades, a fim de compreender o que realmente está acontecendo. 5) PERSEVERAR. Não fique frustrado se um tema ou problema, de início, te deixa completamente confuso. Enfrente-o! Uma característica muito interessante do aprendizado de estatística é que em um momento o aluno pode se sentir totalmente perdido, e, então, de repente, 2 tem um clarão de idéias que lhe permitem compreender a questão perfeitamente. A aprendizagem não é um processo de "tudo" ou "nada"! Se, para você, não parece estar fazendo qualquer progresso depois de ter estudado um problema por algum tempo, ponha-o de lado e ataque-o novamente. Muitas vezes verá, em seguida, a solução imediata, embora não tenha estado, nesse meio tempo, conscientemente, pensando sobre o problema. Há um sentimento de satisfação grande, por sua suficiente persistência e criatividade, ao resolver por você mesmo um problema que havia lhe dado um grande trabalho. 6) UMA PAUSA PARA REFLEXÃO. Para aprender estatística bem, você deve ter tempo para refletir sobre a matéria lecionada durante os últimos dias ou semanas. Leva tempo até que alguns conceitos de estatística sejam "assimilados ou absorvidos". Terá de viver com eles, algum tempo, e pensar neles, até eles sejam uma parte de você. 7) CONCENTRAR-SE EM FUNDAMENTOS. Não tente aprender estatística por memorizar exemplos ilustrativos. Assim, logo se sentirá oprimido por essa abordagem, e, com o tempo, verá que não foi bem sucedido. O campo da estatística é baseado em um número surpreendentemente pequeno de princípios e definições fundamentais. A maioria desses conceitos, sim, deve ser memorizada. Mas se você se concentrar sobre esses fundamentos e tentar ver como cada novo tópico é apenas uma aplicação e / ou extensão deles, então, muito pouca memória adicional será necessária. 8) SEJA CLARO e ORGANIZADO. São dois hábitos que irão livrá-lo de muita "dor de cabeça" em qualquer área de atividade. As pessoas, em sua maioria, têm de se exercitar na organização e clareza até que esta se torne um hábito. Mantenha o seu material de estudo organizado. Tenha uma seção especial no seu caderno para a estatística. Mantenha cada parte da disciplina (juntamente com antigos testes, notas, etc.) em um local central, de modo que possa consultá-lo quando necessário. 9) TENHA UM TEMPO PARA ESTUDAR E ESTUDE NESSE TEMPO. As tarefas devem ser feitas de forma regular e, quando faltar nas aulas, recupere a matéria dada. Não espere até o último minuto para fazer o seu trabalho, pois assim será feito com pressa. Se o tempo destinado à lição for, apenas, o tempo suficiente para fazê-la sem mais; para obter "respostas" e não ter o tempo realmente necessário para compreender os princípios subjacentes, então, você irá em breve ficar perdido na matéria. A estatística pode ser agradável, desde que você esteja "acompanhado-a de perto" e compreendendo o que está acontecendo, caso contrário, é muito frustrante. Aprender estatística não é uma atividade para os intelectualmente preguiçosos. Exige um esforço constante e intenso. Não há outra maneira bem sucedida. Na estatística, não se pode ter atitude de espectador esportivo, tem de ser um ativo protagonista. Não espere aprendê-la, apenas, sentado confortavelmente e observando impassível o professor dar aula. Sua atitude pode manter o professor em boa forma para o ensino, mas não vai fazer-lhe muito bem. Não haverá qualquer compensação extra por realizar um estudo sério ou por fazer os exercícios escolares de forma consciente. Isso é algo que se espera, como uma coisa natural, que os alunos interessados façam. A "recompensa" obtida será o quanto de estatística você aprende. BOA SORTE! 3 • Quanto de tempo devo destinar para o estudo de estatística? Uma regra geral dedicar pelo menos três horas de estudo por tempo de aula-hora dada. Como Bioestatística tem 01h20minh por semana, isso implica que você deve alocar aproximadamente, no mínimo quatro horas para estudar a matéria de Bioestatística todas as semanas. Evidentemente, esse tempo não será suficiente para alguns estudantes - terá de avaliar se este tempo é suficiente para você! A decisão sobre o quanto tempo deve ser dedicado ao estudo deste curso é sua, mas minha sugestão é que você erre sobre o lado conservador quando efetuar esta decisão (ou seja, gastar mais tempo estudando do que você pensa que você precisa). As quatro horas semanais de estudo poderiam logicamente ser distribuídas da seguinte maneira: Leitura de livro didático: 1 hora Revisão de notas de aula: 1 hora Lições de casa e exercícios: 2 horas Algumas dicas rápidas / orientações: Estudar estatística é diferente de outras disciplinas – aprende-se, principalmente, resolvendo problemas, por isso o trabalho de casa deve ser feito de forma conscienciosa. Os problemas vão ajudá-lo no aprendizado de técnicas e fórmulas que precisa saber, bem como melhorarão a sua capacidade de resolução de problemas. * Uma palavra de advertência: A estatística é muito cumulativa - cada tópico apóia-se nos tópicos apresentados em aulas anteriores. Você deve manter o contato com o Instrutor: assistir às aulas, ler o texto e fazer todos os dias as lições de casa. Se falhar um dia você se coloca em desvantagem. Ficar sem estudar uma semana irá deixá-lo em grandes apuros. *Uma palavra de encorajamento: A estatística é muito cumulativa - cada tópico apóia-se nos tópicos apresentados em aulas anteriores. Você deve, constantemente, rever matérias anteriores enquanto assimila novos conceitos. Identificar e aprender os conceitos-chave significa que você não tem de memorizar muito. A Estatística é difícil? Não! Perguntas como essa levam, invariavelmente, a profecias de auto-realizável. Diga a você mesmo que a estatística é difícil, e será difícil para você. Diga que a estatística é fácil e será fácil para você! Tal como acontece com a maioria das atividades de valor que exigem algo de estudo formal, existem armadilhas para os incautos que devem ser evitadas. Elas se enquadram no começo, e a estatística é difícil. Evite-as desde o início, e você vai surpreender por não ver o porquê de tanto barulho. 4 HOW TO STUDY STATISTICS This site from Constance Cutchins contains nine suggestions for necessary study habits for student success in the study of statistics http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~ccutchin/study.htm Many students have trouble learning statistics because they never develop the particular study habits which are conducive to success in statistics. If you practice the following suggestions they should prove invaluable to you. 1) READ CAREFULLY AND DELIBERATELY. The way in which you should read in statistics is quite different from the way you may read a history book, newspaper, or a novel. In statistics you must read slowly, absorbing each word. It is sometimes necessary to read a textbook discussion or problem many times before it begins to "make sense" to you. In some types of reading, such as a novel, it is desirable to skim and read rapidly, because there are usually a few thoughts "sprinkled" among many words. However, in reading statistics each word or symbol is important because there are many thoughts condensed into a few statements. Keep in mind that the little words mean a lot in statistics. 2) THINK WITH PENCIL AND SCRATCH PAPER. Always have pencil in hand and scratch paper ready and use them when you read and study statistics. Test out the ideas on paper that the authors are discussing. When they propose a question, try to answer it before going on. Even though an example may be worked out completely in the text, work it out for yourself on scratch paper. This will help to clinch the ideas and procedures in your mind before starting the exercises. After you have read and reread a problem carefully, if your still don't see what to do, don't just sit and look at it. Get your pencil going on scratch paper and try to "dig it out. If, in attempting to solve a problem, you have nothing written on paper, then generally you have not yet exerted enough effort to justify seeking help. 3) BE INDEPENDENT. Try to complete each lesson without assistance. If you seek help needlessly, either from your professor, a classmate, the solutions manual, or the math lab, you will not gain the maximum benefit from your work. It takes exercise, you know, to become strong. You cannot learn statistics through someone else's exercise. However, you must ask questions when necessary. Sometimes little things cause considerable confusion. Do not be afraid that your question may sound "dumb." The only "dumb" action is to fail to ask about a topic that you have really tried to grasp and still do not understand. Some people seek help too soon and some wait too long. You will have to use good common sense in this matter. 4) LISTEN IN CLASS. Many of the finer points, fundamental principles and modes of thought will be developed in class. You must pay careful attention to these activities in order to really understand what is going on. 5) PERSEVERE. Do not become frustrated if a topic or problem may completely baffle you at first. STICK WITH IT! An extremely interesting characteristic of learning statistics is that at one moment the learner can feel totally at a loss, and then suddenly have a burst of insight that enables him to understand the situation perfectly. Learning is not an "all" or "nothing" process! If you don't seem to be making any progress after working on a problem for some time, put it aside and attack it again later. Many times you will then see the solution immediately even 5 though you have not been consciously thinking about the problem in the meantime. There is a tremendous sense of satisfaction in having been persistent enough and creative enough to independently solve a problem that had given you a great deal of trouble. 6) TAKE TIME TO REFLECT. To learn statistics well you must take time to do some reflective thinking about the material covered during the last few days or weeks. It takes time for some ideas in statistics to "soak in." You may have to live with them awhile and do reflective thinking about them before they become a part of you. 7) CONCENTRATE ON FUNDAMENTALS. Do not try to learn statistics by memorizing illustrative examples. You will soon become overwhelmed by this approach, and the further you go the less successful you will be. The field of statistics is based on a surprisingly small number of fundamental principles and definitions. Most of these must be memorized. But if you concentrate on these fundamentals and try to see how each new topic is just an application and/or extension of them, very little additional memorization will be necessary. 8) BE NEAT AND ACCURATE. These are habits that will save you many "headaches" In any field of endeavor. Most people must deliberately practice neatness and accuracy before they become a habit. Keep your work organized. Have a special section in your notebook for statistics. Keep each assignment (along with old tests, notes, etc.) in a centrally located place so that you can refer to them when necessary. 9) TAKE TIME TO DO YOUR WORK AND DO IT ON TIME. You must do your assignments regularly and make up the work missed when absent. Do not wait until the last minute to do your work and then rush through it. If you spend just enough time on your lesson to get the "answers" and do not take time to really understand the underlying principles, you will soon become confused. Statistics can be enjoyable as long as you are "on top of it" and understand what is going on; otherwise, it is very frustrating. Learning statistics is not an activity for the intellectually lazy. It requires a strong, steady effort. There is no other successful way. Neither is statistics a spectator sport, you must become very actively involved. Do not expect to sit idly by and watch your professor do the work. This may keep the professor in good condition, but it won't do you much good. There will be no extra compensation given for working hard or conscientiously doing your homework. This is something you are expected to do as a matter of course. The "reward" you get will be the statistics that you learn. GOOD LUCK!! ....................................................................................................................................................... HOW TO STUDY STATISTICS http://www.business.latech.edu/~jcochran/QA233/How%20to%20Study%20Statistics.pdf How much time should I budget for studying? A standard rule of thumb is to devote at least three hours of study time per class hour. Since Bioestatística meets for 1:20 hours every week, this implies that you should budget approximately four hours to study the material in Bioestatística every week. Of course, this is not sufficient for some students - you will have to gauge if this is sufficient for you! The decision about how much study time to devote to this course is entirely yours, but I suggest you err on the conservative side when making this decision 6 (i.e., spend more time studying than you think you need). The four weekly study hours could logically be partitioned in the following manner: Read Textbook: 1 hour Review Notes & Lecture Material: 1 hour Homework & Case Analyses: 2 hours Some quick tips/guidelines: Studying statistics is different from studying other subjects – it is learned primarily by doing problems, so do the homework contentiously. The problems will help you learn the formulas and techniques you do need to know, as well as improve your problemsolving prowess. o o A word of warning: Statistics is very cumulative – each topic builds on the previous topics throughout the quarter. You must keep up with the Instructor: attend class, read the text and do homework every day. Falling a day behind puts you at a disadvantage. Falling a week behind puts you in deep trouble. o A word of encouragement: Statistics is very cumulative – each topic builds on the previous topics throughout the quarter. You are constantly reviewing previous material as you work on new concepts. Identifying and learning the key concepts means you don't have to memorize as much. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Is Statistics Hard? http://www.tufts.edu/~gdallal/LHSP.HTM No! Questions like this invariably lead to self-fulfilling prophecies. Tell yourself statistics is hard, and it's hard. Tell yourself statistics is easy, and it's easy! As with most activities rich enough to demand formal study, there are traps for the unwary that must be avoided. Fall into them at the beginning, and statistics is hard. Avoid them from the outset, and you'll wonder what the fuss is all about. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. HOW TO STUDY STATISTICS This site from Constance Cutchins contains nine suggestions for necessary study habits for student success in the study of statistics http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~ccutchin/study.htm Many students have trouble learning statistics because they never develop the particular study habits which are conducive to success in statistics. If you practice the following suggestions they should prove invaluable to you. 1) READ CAREFULLY AND DELIBERATELY. The way in which you should read in statistics is quite different from the way you may read a history book, newspaper, or a novel. In statistics you must read slowly, absorbing each word. It is sometimes necessary to read a textbook discussion or problem many times before it begins to "make sense" to you. In some types of reading, such as a novel, it is desirable to skim and read rapidly, because there are usually a few thoughts "sprinkled" among many words. However, in reading statistics each 7 word or symbol is important because there are many thoughts condensed into a few statements. Keep in mind that the little words mean a lot in statistics. 2) THINK WITH PENCIL AND SCRATCH PAPER. Always have pencil in hand and scratch paper ready and use them when you read and study statistics. Test out the ideas on paper that the authors are discussing. When they propose a question, try to answer it before going on. Even though an example may be worked out completely in the text, work it out for yourself on scratch paper. This will help to clinch the ideas and procedures in your mind before starting the exercises. After you have read and reread a problem carefully, if your still don't see what to do, don't just sit and look at it. Get your pencil going on scratch paper and try to "dig it out. If, in attempting to solve a problem, you have nothing written on paper, then generally you have not yet exerted enough effort to justify seeking help. 3) BE INDEPENDENT. Try to complete each lesson without assistance. If you seek help needlessly, either from your professor, a classmate, the solutions manual, or the math lab, you will not gain the maximum benefit from your work. It takes exercise, you know, to become strong. You cannot learn statistics through someone else's exercise. However, you must ask questions when necessary. Sometimes little things cause considerable confusion. Do not be afraid that your question may sound "dumb." The only "dumb" action is to fail to ask about a topic that you have really tried to grasp and still do not understand. Some people seek help too soon and some wait too long. You will have to use good common sense in this matter. 4) LISTEN IN CLASS. Many of the finer points, fundamental principles and modes of thought will be developed in class. You must pay careful attention to these activities in order to really understand what is going on. 5) PERSEVERE. Do not become frustrated if a topic or problem may completely baffle you at first. STICK WITH IT! An extremely interesting characteristic of learning statistics is that at one moment the learner can feel totally at a loss, and then suddenly have a burst of insight that enables him to understand the situation perfectly. Learning is not an "all" or "nothing" process! If you don't seem to be making any progress after working on a problem for some time, put it aside and attack it again later. Many times you will then see the solution immediately even though you have not been consciously thinking about the problem in the meantime. There is a tremendous sense of satisfaction in having been persistent enough and creative enough to independently solve a problem that had given you a great deal of trouble. 6) TAKE TIME TO REFLECT. To learn statistics well you must take time to do some reflective thinking about the material covered during the last few days or weeks. It takes time for some ideas in statistics to "soak in." You may have to live with them awhile and do reflective thinking about them before they become a part of you. 7) CONCENTRATE ON FUNDAMENTALS. Do not try to learn statistics by memorizing illustrative examples. You will soon become overwhelmed by this approach, and the further you go the less successful you will be. The field of statistics is based on a surprisingly small number of fundamental principles and definitions. Most of these must be memorized. But if you concentrate on these fundamentals and try to see how each new topic is just an application and/or extension of them, very little additional memorization will be necessary. 8 8) BE NEAT AND ACCURATE. These are habits that will save you many "headaches" In any field of endeavor. Most people must deliberately practice neatness and accuracy before they become a habit. Keep your work organized. Have a special section in your notebook for statistics. Keep each assignment (along with old tests, notes, etc.) in a centrally located place so that you can refer to them when necessary. 9) TAKE TIME TO DO YOUR WORK AND DO IT ON TIME. You must do your assignments regularly and make up the work missed when absent. Do not wait until the last minute to do your work and then rush through it. If you spend just enough time on your lesson to get the "answers" and do not take time to really understand the underlying principles, you will soon become confused. Statistics can be enjoyable as long as you are "on top of it" and understand what is going on; otherwise, it is very frustrating. Learning statistics is not an activity for the intellectually lazy. It requires a strong, steady effort. There is no other successful way. Neither is statistics a spectator sport, you must become very actively involved. Do not expect to sit idly by and watch your professor do the work. This may keep the professor in good condition, but it won't do you much good. There will be no extra compensation given for working hard or conscientiously doing your homework. This is something you are expected to do as a matter of course. The "reward" you get will be the statistics that you learn. GOOD LUCK!! ....................................................................................................................................................... HOW TO STUDY STATISTICS http://www.business.latech.edu/~jcochran/QA233/How%20to%20Study%20Statistics.pdf How much time should I budget for studying? A standard rule of thumb is to devote at least three hours of study time per class hour. Since Bioestatística meets for 1:20 hours every week, this implies that you should budget approximately four hours to study the material in Bioestatística every week. Of course, this is not sufficient for some students - you will have to gauge if this is sufficient for you! The decision about how much study time to devote to this course is entirely yours, but I suggest you err on the conservative side when making this decision (i.e., spend more time studying than you think you need). The four weekly study hours could logically be partitioned in the following manner: Read Textbook: 1 hour Review Notes & Lecture Material: 1 hour Homework & Case Analyses: 2 hours Some quick tips/guidelines: Studying statistics is different from studying other subjects – it is learned primarily by doing problems, so do the homework contentiously. The problems will help you learn the formulas and techniques you do need to know, as well as improve your problemsolving prowess. o o A word of warning: Statistics is very cumulative – each topic builds on the previous topics throughout the quarter. You must keep up with the Instructor: attend class, read 9 the text and do homework every day. Falling a day behind puts you at a disadvantage. Falling a week behind puts you in deep trouble. o A word of encouragement: Statistics is very cumulative – each topic builds on the previous topics throughout the quarter. You are constantly reviewing previous material as you work on new concepts. Identifying and learning the key concepts means you don't have to memorize as much. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Is Statistics Hard? http://www.tufts.edu/~gdallal/LHSP.HTM No! Questions like this invariably lead to self-fulfilling prophecies. Tell yourself statistics is hard, and it's hard. Tell yourself statistics is easy, and it's easy! As with most activities rich enough to demand formal study, there are traps for the unwary that must be avoided. Fall into them at the beginning, and statistics is hard. Avoid them from the outset, and you'll wonder what the fuss is all about. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 Inicial A A A B B B C D D D E F F G G G I I K L L M M M N N O O P P Q Q R S S S S S S S S S T T T U U W W Y Pequeno Dicionário para ajudar a compreender o texto Inglês Português accurate claro avoid Impeça awhile enquanto, nesse tempo baffle complicar budget alocar burst irrompe clinch the ideas assentar as idéias dig it out cavar, escavar doing problems fazendo problemas dumb tolice, idiota endeavour empenho falling a day deixando de cumprir (falhar) um dia fuss agitação gauge medida, avaliar going on acontecendo grasp entender, captar Idly inativamente insight vislumbre keep in mind tenha em conta learn aprender listen in class preste atenção na aula make up refazer, recuperar matter assunto, matéria mean a lot significam muito neat organizado neat and accurate claro e organizado outset começo overwhelmed esmagado pay attention prestar atenção prowess capacidade, coragem quarter trimestre question perguntas, questão rush pressa scratch rascunho seek procura self-fulfilling auto-cumprimento sit sentar-se skim folhear rapidamente soak in assimilar sprinkled espalhada steady constante, stick with it detenha-se nesta questão takes exercise fazer exercício thoughts pensamentos, conceitos traps armadilha understand compreende unwary desprevenido wait espera warning aviso yet ainda