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Nutrient Elements In Grassland...oil-plant-animal Relationships - Index

Elementos de nutrientes na pastagem - Relações solo- planta-animal

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Index Index Amino acids 108, 165 Analytical procedures, general considerations 11–13 Animal : plant concentration ratios of nutrient elements 79–80 Atmospheric inputs of nutrient elements 21–23, 50–51, 97–98, 128, 155–156, 161, 183, 223, 257–258, 277–278 Availability of nutrient elements in soils 33–39 cycling of 183–185, 217–218 deficiency in animals 75–77, 214–215 dietary requirements for animals 209–213 in herbage 52–63, 189–208 mass balance 218–219 in roots 189–191 in soils 21, 181–187 uptake and assimilation by plants 188–189, 207–208 Cation exchange at root surface 45–46, 188 in soils 18, 33, 34–35, 36, 186–187 Chlorine absorption and metabolism by animals 267–269 in animal excreta 272–273 in animal tissues 73, 267–268 atmospheric inputs 257–258 critical concentrations in plants 263 cycling of 259, 273–274 deficiency in animals 271 dietary requirements for animals 270 in herbage 55, 58, 60, 66, 262–267 mass balance 274 in roots 262 in soils 21, 255–260 uptake and assimilation by plants 261–262, 267 Clay minerals 17–19, 34, 186–187 Boron absorption and metabolism by animals 293 in animal excreta 91, 296 in animal tissues 292 critical concentrations in plants 284 cycling of 297–298 in herbage 53–63, 56–63, 281–292 mass balance 293–300 in roots 282 in soils 21, 275–280 uptake and assimilation by plants 280–281 Calcium absorption and metabolism by animals 209–211 in animal excreta 90–92, 215–217 in animal tissues 73, 209 critical concentrations in plants 192–193 363 A3885:AMA:First Revision:26-Sep-00 363 Chapter-0 Index 364 Clovers 4, 5–7, 25, 26 see also Legumes Cobalt absorption and metabolism by animals 246, 248 in animal excreta 254 in animal tissues 73, 246 critical concentrations in plants 234 cycling of 223–224, 252–254 deficiency in animals 251 dietary requirements for animals 249–250 in herbage 52–63, 230–244 mass balance 253–254 in roots 232 in soils 21, 220–228 uptake and assimilation by plants 228–230, 232 Complex formation (involving divalent and trivalent cations) 36, 37, 49, 225–228 Copper absorption and metabolism by animals 245–246, 247–249 in animal excreta 90–92, 254 in animal tissues 73, 245–246 critical concentrations in plants 234 cycling of 223–224, 252–254 deficiency in animals 251 dietary requirements for animals 249–250 in herbage 52–63, 230–244 mass balance 253–254 in roots 232 in soils 21, 220–228 uptake and assimilation by plants 228–233 Critical concentrations of nutrient elements in plant 55–57 Cycling of nutrient elements in grassland systems, general influence of soil fauna 9, 24 influence of soil microorganisms 9, 24–25 processes 8–11 through animal excreta 8–10, 27–30 through death and decay of plant material 8–10, 23–27 Deficiencies of nutrient elements in animals 7, 85–88 in plants 7, 10, 55–57 Denitrification 103–104 Dung see Faeces Dung beetles 9, 29, 30, 129, 158 Earthworms 9, 24–25, 29, 30, 99–101, 129, 158 Enzymes in animals 72, 86, 119, 243–246, 292–293 in plants 51, 68 in soils 36 Faeces concentrations of nutrient elements 91–92 distribution over grazed area 10, 27–30 impact on soil fertility 27, 29–30, 129–130 influence on herbage composition 67–68 Fertilizers concentrations of incidental elements in 23–24 influence on concentrations of nutrient elements in herbage 66–67, 113, 117, 143–145, 172–173, 202–205, 240–242, 266, 289–290 influence on concentrations of nutrient elements in soils 23–24, 97, 127–128, 182 influence on herbage yield 10, 66–67, 108–111, 135–137, 165–166, 194 influence on species composition of grassland 4 types of 23–24, 97, 127, 156–157 use of 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 23 Forbs 4, 60–61, 141 Goitre 86, 265–266, 271–272 A3885:AMA:First Revision:14-Sep-00 Chapter-0 364 A3885:AMA:First Revision:14-Sep-00 Chapter-0 Index Grass(es) factors influencing concentrations of nutrient elements in 9–10, 58–59 patterns of growth 41, 60–64 root growth 26, 41–44 typical concentrations of nutrient elements 58 Grassland distribution in temperate regions 3 range of herbage yield 4, 109–111 types of 3–5 Grazing effects on the cycling of nutrient elements 8–11, 27–30, 67–68 impact on herbage yield 10 Hypomagnesaemia 60, 212, 213, 215 Iodine absorption and metabolism by animals 267–270 in animal excreta 91, 273 in animal tissues 73, 268 atmsopheric input 257–258 cycling of 259, 273–274 deficiency in animals 86, 265–266, 271–272 dietary requirements for animals 270–271 in herbage 262–267 mass balance 274 in roots 262 in soils 21, 86, 89, 255–260 uptake and assimilation by plants 50, 261–262, 267 Iron absorption and metabolism in animals 244, 246 in animal excreta 90–92, 254 in animal tissues 73, 244–245 critical concentrations in plants 234 cycling of 223–224, 252–254 deficiency in animals 250 dietary requirements for animals 249 in herbage 52–63, 230–244 mass balance 253–254 in roots 232 365 in soils 21, 220–228 uptake and assimilation by plants 228–233, 244 Leaching of nutrient elements from herbage 52, 61 from soils 27, 28, 39, 101–104, 161–162, 185–186, 228, 260, 279 Legumes influence on herbage yield of grassland 5–6, 108–110 N2 fixation 5–7, 96–97, 107 roots 26, 41, 42–44 species in grassland 6 typical concentrations of nutrient elements in 58–59 Liming function of 7, 182 influence on availability of nutrients in soils 23–24, 67, 182, 195 influence on concentrations of nutrient elements in herbage 7–8, 67, 205–206, 242, 290 Magnesium absorption and metabolism by animals 208, 210, 211–212 in animal excreta 90–92, 215–217 in animal tissues 72–73, 210 critical concentrations in plants 192–193 cycling of 183–185, 217–218 deficiency in animals 195, 215 dietary requirements for animals 210–213 in herbage 52–63, 189–208 mass balance 218–219 in roots 189, 191 in soils 21, 181–187 uptake and assimilation by plants 188–189, 207–208 Manganese absorption and metabolism by animals 245, 246 in animal excreta 90–92, 254 in animal tissues 73, 245 critical concentrations in plants 234 A3885:AMA:First Revision:14-Sep-00 365 Chapter-0 Index 366 Manganese continued cycling of 223–224, 252–254 deficiency in animals 250 dietary requirements for animals 249 in herbage 52–63, 230–244 mass balance 253–254 in roots 232 in soils 21, 220–228 uptake and assimilation by plants 228–233 Manure 30, 31, 40 Mass balances of nutrient elements, general 13–14 Maturity of herbage, influence on concentrations of nutrient elements 60–62, 115–116, 141–142, 171, 199–200, 237–239, 264, 286–287 Microorganisms in soil 24, 36–37, 99, 158–159, 225–226 Microbial biomass in rumen 70–71, 119–120, 147, 174 Milk concentrations of nutrient elements in 78 production 5, 11, 78, 111 Mineralogy of soils 15–21, 181, 220–222, 275–276 Molybdenum absorption and metabolism by animals 292–294 in animal excreta 91, 296 in animal tissues 73, 292–293 critical concentrations in plants 284 cycling of 298 dietary requirements for animals 294 in herbage 53–63, 281–292 mass balance 299–300 in roots 282 in soils 2, 275–280 toxicity in animals 2, 7, 247, 293, 295 uptake and assimilation by plants 281–282, 292 Mycorrhizae 50, 134, 229 Nitrate toxicity to animals 120 Nitrogen absorption and metabolism by animals 119–120 in animal excreta 90–92, 121–123 in animal tissues 72–73, 119 critical concentrations in plants 112–113 cycling of 98–100, 123–124 deficiency in animals 120 dietary requirements for animals 121 fixation by legumes 5–7, 96–97, 107, 230 fertilizers 97, 108–111, 113 in herbage 52–64, 107–119 losses from soils 101–104 mass balance 124–125 in roots 111 in soils 18, 20–21, 95–105 uptake and assimilation by plants 105–108, 118–119 Nutrient elements for animals (general) absorption 80–81 assessment of dietary requirements 83–85 availability 81–83 concentrations in body tissues, milk and wool 72–73, 77–79 deficiencies 85–88 essential elements listed 72 excretion 90–94 homeostatic control 74–77 in drinking-water 90 Nutrient elements for plants (general) amounts in herbage 53–55 changes during conversion to hay or silage 64–65 differences between grasses and legumes 58 differences due to fertilizers, etc. 66–67 differences due to livestock excreta 67–68 differences due to maturity 60–62 differences due to soil type 65–66 differences due to species and variety 58–61 differences due to weather and seasonal factors 63–64 A3885:AMA:First Revision:14-Sep-00 366 Chapter-0 Index distribution within plants 52–53 essential elements listed 1 forms of occurrence in plants 68–69 ranges of concentrations 53–54 transport 51 Organic acids in soils 37, 130–132, 134, 225–226, 230 Phosphorus absorption and metabolism by animals 146–147 in animal excreta 90–92, 150–151 in animal tissues 72–73, 146–147 critical concentrations in plants 139–140 cycling of 128–130, 151–152 deficiency in animals 7, 149–150 dietary requirements for animals 148–149 fertilizers 127–128, 135–137, 144–145 in herbage 53–64, 135, 137–146 mass balance 152–153 in roots 137–138 in soils 21, 23, 45, 126–134 uptake and assimilation by plants 134–135, 146 Plant : soil concentration ratios of nutrient elements 55–56 Pollution of soils 2, 32–33, 222–223 of watercourses 11, 39, 133 Potassium absorption and metabolism by animals 208–210 in animal excreta 90–92, 215–217 in animal tissues 72–73, 208 critical concentrations in plants 192–193 cycling of 183–185, 217–218 deficiency in animals 214 dietary requirements for animals 212 fertilizers 182, 194, 204, 205, 258 in herbage 52–64, 189–208 mass balance 218–219 in roots 189, 191 367 in soils 21, 181–188 uptake and assimilation by plants 188–189, 207–208 Redox (aeration) conditions in soil 37–38, 103–104, 160–161, 226–227, 240 Rhizobia 1, 6–7, 95, 96, 282 Rhizosphere 48–50 Roots cation exchange capacity 45–46, 188 growth 41–45 length of life 23, 26 morphology 43–44, 46–48 nutrient uptake 45–50 retention of nutrient elements in 52, 190, 198, 232 weight of, in grassland 26 Ruminant animals absorption of nutrient elements 80–81 assessment of dietary requirement 72–74, 83–85 availability of nutrient elements to 81–83 deficiencies (general) 85–88 digestive system 70–72 excretion of nutrient elements 90–94 homeostatic control mechanisms 74–77 metabolic functions of nutrient elements 72–74 soil ingestion 88–89 Runoff of nutrient elements from grassland 11, 31, 39, 132, 186 Selenium absorption and metabolism by animals 293–294 in animal excreta 91, 296–297 in animal tissues 73, 293 cycling of 298–299 deficiency in animals 293, 295–296 dietary requirements for animals 294–295 in herbage 53, 55, 282–292 in roots 282 A3885:AMA:First Revision:14-Sep-00 367 Chapter-0 Index 368 Selenium continued in soils 275–280 toxicity in animals 295, 296 uptake and assimilation by plants 50, 281–282, 292 Sewage sludge 30–33, 97, 127–128, 157, 183, 222–223, 276–277 Silage 64–65 Slurry 10, 30–31, 39, 100, 130, 158, 185, 224 Sodium absorption and metabolism by animals 208–210 in animal excreta 90–92, 215–217 in animal tissues 72–73, 208–209 atmospheric inputs 22, 183, 201 cycling of 183–185, 217–218 deficiency in animals 214 dietary requirements for animals 212–213 in herbage 52–56, 58–63, 189–208 mass balance 218–219 in roots 189–191 in soils 21, 181–187 uptake and assimilation by plants 188–189, 207–208 Soil acidity 17, 35–36, 46, 48–49, 65, 67 aeration 37–38, 103–104, 160–161, 226–227 fertility 33–34, 38–39 influence of parent material on nutrient status 19–21, 35–36, 182, 220–222 ingestion by ruminant animals 33, 88–89, 248–249, 269 organic matter 26–27, 36–37, 100–101, 103, 130, 131, 159–160, 225–227, 240 parent materials 15–21 spatial variation due to grazing animals 10, 27–30, 100, 130, 184 Species (plant) differences in nutrient concentrations 58–61 Sulphur absorption and metabolism in animals 174–175 in animal excreta 90–92, 177–178 in animal tissues 72–73, 174–175 atmospheric inputs 155–156, 163–164 critical concentrations in plants 168–170 cycling 157–159, 179–180 deficiency in animals 176–177 dietary requirements for animals 175–176 fertilizers 23, 156–157, 165–167 in herbage 53–63, 163–165, 166–174 mass balance 180 in roots 166–167 in soils 21, 154–162 uptake and assimilation by plants 163–165, 173–174 volatilization from plants 168, 171 Teart pastures 293 Toxicity of nutrient elements to animals 2, 74, 87, 120, 177, 247–248, 272, 293, 295–296 Toxicity of nutrient elements to plants 57, 234–235 Uptake of nutrient elements by plants (general) antagonism and synergism 46, 65, 202 mechanisms involved 33–34, 45–48 in relation to root characteristics 42–45 Urine concentrations of nutrient elements 91–92 distribution over grazed area 10, 27–30 influence on herbage composition 67–68, 117–118, 145, 173, 206–207, 242–243, 267, 291 influence on volatilization of ammonia 101–102 Urine scorch 28, 118 Volatilization of nutrient elements from animals 91, 296–297 from plants 168, 171, 261, 282, 286–287 A3885:AMA:First Revision:14-Sep-00 368 Chapter-0 Index from soils 39–40, 99, 101–102, 162, 260, 280 369 in animal excreta 90–92, 254 in animal tissues 73, 245 critical concentrations in plants 234–235 cycling of 223–224, 252–254 deficiency in animals 250–251 dietary requirements for animals 249 in herbage 52–63, 230–244 mass balance 253–254 in roots 232 in soils 21, 220–228 uptake and assimilation by plants 228–233 Water sources, concentrations of nutrient elements 90 Weathering of rock materials 15–21, 220–222 Wool concentrations of nutrient elements 78–79 effects of S supply 176 Zinc absorption and metabolism by animals 245–247 A3885:AMA:First Revision:14-Sep-00 369 Chapter-0 A3885:AMA:First Revision:14-Sep-00 370 Chapter-0